Languages & Runtimes

Three ways source becomes execution — and the trade-offs.

When type errors surface — and why TypeScript sits in the middle.

Stack, heap, GC, RAII, borrow checker — and how each one fails.

Threads, event loops, async/await, actors, CSP — and when to pick each.

Lexer, parser, AST, bytecode, IR, machine code, loader, runtime.

Tiered compilation, inline caches, deoptimization — and the cold-start vs throughput trade.

Calling C from Python, Node, Java, Go — and the cost at the boundary.

Microtasks, macrotasks, await, and the symptom you can never debug from a screenshot.

Profilers, debuggers, and the production-debugging toolkit you don't break with.