Languages & Runtimes

Three ways source becomes execution — and the trade-offs.

When type errors surface — and why TypeScript sits in the middle.

Stack, heap, GC, RAII, borrow checker — and how each one fails.

Threads, event loops, async/await, actors, CSP — and when to pick each.

Lexer, parser, AST, bytecode, IR, machine code, loader, runtime.